GR guidelines and standards have been developed in Europe and North America to enlighten about state-of-the-art performance expectations for GRs. 2021) and can increase the resilience and health of the urban systems toward several risk categories like mitigating stormwater runoff (Kim and Song 2019 Parker and Zingoni de Baro 2019). Green infrastructure has a wide range of environmental benefits (Santamouris and Osmond 2020 Changsoon et al. Green infrastructure is an essential part of sustainable and healthy cities that include parks, green spaces, and low-impact development practices such as green roofs (GRs) (Suppakittpaisarn et al. 2021), and greater access to nature (Sharifi 2021). How we construct and build cities must change if we want to move toward cities with more resilience, sustainability (Addanki and Venkataraman 2017 Bibri and Krogstie 2017 Teixeira et al. 2021) and climate change have brought attention to the importance and quality of our built and natural environments. Global disruptions such as COVID-19 (Yu et al. This review sheds new insights on the design of high-performance, sustainable GRs and provides guidance for the legislation of sustainable GR. This review presents three sustainable irrigation methods: (i) employing alternative water sources such as rainwater, greywater, and atmospheric water (ii) smart irrigation and monitoring and (iii) using adaptive materials and additives that improve GR water use. Irrigation is essential for plant survival, and due to the current pressure on valuable water sources, it is important to select a sustainable irrigation system. Furthermore, selecting a suitable irrigation system is as important as two other factors for having a sustainable GR. Perennial herbs, particularly forbs and grass as dominant groups, are heat and drought tolerant, which make them suitable in GR experiment. In order to achieve a sustainable GR, it is essential to select the type of plants that have a high survival rate. Leaf area is the most studied trait due to its influence on the cooling potential and energy performance. Subsequently, type of plants, their form, and kinds used on GRs impact GR ecosystem function. Substrate and drainage layer material choice significantly affects stormwater retention potential, leachate quality, plant survival, and determines GR environmental footprints. This article reviewed significant factors that influence GR performance and sustainability. Studies have indicated that different GR designs deliver different ecosystem services, and there are important factors that affect GR performance.
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